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Title: Catálogo Instructivo de las Colecciones Mineralógicas
Author: E. Hermitté and G. Bodenbender
Release Date: December 22, 2006 [Ebook #20159]
Language: Spanish
Character set encoding: UTF-8
***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CATÁLOGO INSTRUCTIVO DE LAS COLECCIONES MINERALÓGICAS***
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA
MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA
DIVISIÓN DE MINAS, GEOLOGÍA É HIDROLOGÍA
Catálogo Instructivo de las Colecciones Mineralógicas
ESCOLARES
E. HERMITTÉ - Jefe de la División
G. Bodenbender - Jefe de la Sección Geología
BUENOS AIRES
Talleres de publicationes de la Oficina Meteorológica
1905
I. CARACTERES MORFOLÓGICOS
CRISTALES--(sueltos ó en agregados).
Cubo de Pirita de No 5a No 5a*
hierro
Deltoedro del » 92
Analcima
Dodecaedro » 72 » 34* y 34a*
rómbico, Deltoedro
ó combinación de
los dos (Granate)
Pirámide hexagonal » 26a
del Cuarzo
Pirámide hexagonal » 26 » 16*
con prisma del
Cuarzo
Romboedro del » 43 » 23* y 24*
Espato calizo
Escalenoedro del » 44
Espato calizo
Cristales rómbicos » 64
(prisma con
pinacoide) de la
Baritina
Prisma monoclínico » 59
con hemipirámide
(incompleta) del
Yeso
Prisma monoclínico » 90
del Feldespato
NOTA.--Los números con estrella se refleren á la colección escolar
primaria, los otros á la colección escolar secundaria.
TEXTURA DE DE LOS AGREGADOS. (Forma interior)
1) _Agregados
granulosos._
(Grano grueso,
medio grueso y
fino, con
transiciones al
fibroso y
laminar).
Hierro magnético » 35 » 19*
Mármol » 50 » 43*
Sal común » 40 » 20*
Yeso, etc » 62 » 30*
2) _Agregados
fibrosos_.--(Gruesos,
medio
gruesos,finos,
paralelos,
radiados,
reticulados,
etcétera).
Yeso » 60 » 29*
Boronatrocalcita » 42 » 22*
Asbesto » 84 » 36*
3) _Agregados
laminares_--hojosos,
micáceos.
Yeso » 61
Mica » 74 » 33*
Hematita, etc. » 21
4) _Agregados
homogéncos_.
Onix-Mármol » 19 » 26*
NOTA.--Los agregados compactos están en contraposición á los porosos.
FORMAS EXTERIORES DE LOS AGREGADOS.
1) _Estalactitas_ » 47
2) _Alambres y
chapas_:
Oro, Plata, Cobre » 2, 3, 4 » 2*, 3*, y 4*
3) _Concreciones_:
Tosca » 51 » 44*
Boronatrocalcita » 42 » 22*
4) _Drusas_.
(Secreciones):
Espato de cal » 43
Analcima » 92
5) _Costras,
revestimientos,
pegaduras_:
Azurita » 58 » 28*
Descloizita » 71
6)
_Eflorescencias_:
Alumbre » 65
Sulfato de » 66
magnesio
7) _Embutidas_:
Granate en » 73
feldespato, etc.
Hierro cromífero » 36
en Serpentina
8) _Vetas ó » 19
filones_.
(Agregados de
orden superior)
Galena, blenda,
etc., con cuarzo ó
espato de hierro,
etc.
FÓSILES.--(Formas
orgánicas)
Plantas fósiles » 100 » 50*
(carbonizadas)
Madera fósil » 34 » 18*
silicificada
Animales fósiles » 99 » 49*
SEUDOMORFISMO.
(Epigenias):
Hierro pardo en » 6
cubos, por
descomposición de
pirita de hierro
MACLAS. (Gemelos),
múltiples,
caracterizados por
estriamiento sobre
los planos de
clivaje.
Espato de cal » 45
II. CARACTERES FÍSICOS
CLIVAJE, (ó cruceros):
A) Según la
posición de los
planos de clivaje:
1) _Octaédrico:_
Hierro magnético » 35
2) _Cúbico:_
Galena » 7 » 6*
3) _Romboédrico:_
Espato de cal » 45 y 46 » 23* y 24*
4) _Prismático:_
Antimonita » 12
Enargita » 17
B) Según el grado
de perfección:
1) _Sumamente
perfecto_:
Mica » 74 » 33*
2) _Muy perfecto_:
Galena » 7 y 8 » 6*
Espato de cal » 45 y 46 » 23* y 24*
3) _Imperfecto ó
muy imperfecto._
Cuarzo » 26 y 27 » 16*
Granate » 72
FRACTURA.--A) Según la forde la superficie:
1) _Concoidal_:
(factura del
vidrio grueso)
(Obsidiana).
2) _Desigual_:
Pirita de hierro » 5
Cuarzo » 86 » 17*
3) _Llana_.
Piedra Córnea.
B) Según la
calidad de de la
superficie:
_Lisa_:
Piedra córnea y
Calcedonia.
2) _Astillosa_:
Triplita » 70
3) _Erizada_:
Oro, Plata, Cobre » 2, 3, 4 » 2*, 3* y 4*
4) _Terrosa_:
Hematita ocrácea » 22 » 11*
Kaolina » 94 » 37*
DUREZA.--Escala de dureza:
1) Talco » 80
2) Yeso » 62 » 30*
3) Espato de cal » 45 » 23*
4) Espato fluor » 41 » 21*
5) Apatita » 69
6) Ortoclasa » 91 » 35*
7) Cuarzo » 28 » 16*
8) Topacio.
9) Corindón.
10) Diamante.
1) Minerales muy
blandos, rayados
por la uña (grados
1 hasta 3)
Oro, Plata, Cobre » 2, 3, 4 » 2*, 3* y 4*
Galena » 7 » 6*
Sal común » 40 » 20*
Yeso » 60 y 63 » 29* y 30*
Mica » 74 » 33*
Kaolina » 94 » 37*
2) Minerales que
no son rayados por
la uña, pero si
por la punta de un
cuchillo (grados 3
hasta 5).
Blenda » 10 » 7*
Calcita » 43 » 22*
Espato fluor » 41 » 21*
3) Minerales que
no son rayados por
la punta de un
cuchillo (grados 6
en adelante).
Feldespato. No 91 No 35*
Cuarzo » 28 » 16* y 17*
Granate etc. » 72 » 34*
TENACIDAD _1_) _frágiles:_
Pirita de hierro » 5 » 5*
Cuarzo » 26 etc. » 17*
Caliza etc. » 43 » » 22* y 23*
2) _Sectiles:_ » 9
Chalcosina
Talco » 81
3) _Maleables_ » 2, 3, 4 » 2, 3, 4*
(ductil): Oro,
Plata, Cobre
4) _Elásticos:_ » 74 » 33*
Mica
5) _Flexibles_
(Clorita, Talco,
Asbesto).
LUSTRE a)--_Según
cantidad. Mui
lustroso:_
Mica » 74 » 33*
Espato de Islandía » 45 » 23*
_Lustroso:_
Galena » 7 » 6*
Granate » 72 » 34*
_Poco lustroso:_
Feldespato » 91 » 35*
Berilo » 88
_Mate:_
Caolina » 94 » 37*
_b) Según calidad:
Metálico:_
Oro, Plata, Cobre » 2, 3, y 4 » 2*, 3* y 4*
Pirita de hierro » 5 » 5*
etc.
_Diamantino:_
(Diamente)--_Vidrioso:_
Espato de cal » 45 » 23*
Cuarzo (sobre las caras » 26 » 16*
de los cristales
_Grasoso:_ (ó » 26 y 27 » 16 y 17*
resinoso): Cuarzo sobre
los planos de de
fractura)
Wolframita (sobre los » 67 » 31*
planos de fractura
_Perlado:_ (nacarado).
Mica » 74 » 33*
Crisotila » 83 » 36*
_Sedoso:_
Wolastonita » 85
Aragonita » 52
Alumbre » 65
Boronatrocalcita » 22 » 22*
DIAFANIDAD:
_Transparente:_
Espato de Islandia » 45 » 23*
_Semi-transparente:_
Cuarzo » 26 » 16*
_Translúcido:_
Onyx » 49 » 26*
_Semi translúcido:_
Feldespato » 90 » 35*
_Opacos:_
Oro, Plata, Pirita
de hierro, etc.
COLOR: _Minerales
incoloros_ (en su
estado puro)
Cuarzo » 26 » 16*
Sal común » 40 » 20*
Espato de Islandia » 45 » 23*
2) _Minerales con
colores_ propios
(idiocromáticos)
Oro, Plata, Cobre.
Pirita de hierro » 5 » 5*
Malaquita » 56 » 28*
3) _Minerales con
colores
accidentales_
(alocromáticos)
Cuarzo rosado » 29 » 17*
Onyx--Mármol » 49 » 26*
Espato-Fluor » 41 » 21*
Granate » 72 » 34*
Feldespato » 91 » 35*
COLORES METÁLICOS:
_Blancos:_
Blanco de plata » 3 » 4*
(Blanco de estaño)
_Amarillos:_
De oro » 2 » 2*
De bronce » 5 » 5*
De latón » 13 » 9*
_Gris:_
De plomo » 7 » 6*
_Rojo:_
De cobre » 4 » 3*
_Negro:_
De acero hasta
negro de hierro
Enargita » 17 » 10*
Hematita » 20 » 12*
Pirolusita » 24 » 13*
COLORES NO
METÁLICOS:
_Blancos_ (tipo
blanco de nieve):
Yeso Nº 60 Nº 29* y 30*
Caliza » 46 y 47 » 24* y 25*
Wolastonita » 85
_Grises_ (tipo
gris de ceniza):
Tierra de » 33
infusorios
_Negros_ (tipo
negro de
terciopelo):
Turmalina » 76 » 32*
Carbón de piedra » 97 » 38*
_Azules_ (tipo
azul de Prusia):
Azurita » 58 » 28*
_Verdes_ (tipo
verde de
esmeralda):
Malaquita » 56 » 28*
Onix-mármol » 49 » 26*
Crisocola » 79
Apatita » 69
Epídota » 77 y 78
Serpentina » 82
_Amarillos_ (tipo
amarillo de
limón).
Azufre » 1 » 1*
Ocre de hierro » 39 » 15*
_Rojos_ (tipo
rojo-carmesí):
Hematita ocrácea » 22 » 11*
Cuarzo rosado » 29 » 17*
_Pardos_ (tipo
pardo de castaño):
Limonita » 37 » 14*
Triplita » 70
RAYA (color del
polvo del
mineral):
1) Minerales
incoloros (al
estado puro) ó
alocromáticos.
Tienen por lo
común un
polvo blanco
ó gris:
Cuarzo rosado » 29 » 17*
Espato fluor » 4 » 21*
Turmalina » 76 » 32*
Feldespato » 91 » 35*
2) Minerales con
colores
propios
(idiocromáticos).
El color del
mineral y de
su polvo no
difieren ó
son por lo menos
parecidos:
Galena (polvo » 7 » 6*
gris-oscuro)
Hematita (polvo » 20 » 11*
rojo-parduzco)
Malaquita (polvo » 56 » 28*
verde)
3) Minerales
maleables. Se
ponen lustrosos
por frotamiento:
Oro, plata, cobre.
COLORES MULTIPLES
(por agregación):
Espato fluor » 41 » 21*
COLORES
SUPERFICIALES
(abigarrados,
en mayor parte
debido á una
descomposición
química):
Pirita de cobre » 13, 14 » 9*
IRISACIÓN:
Espato de
Islandia.
FOSFORESCENCIA:
Cuarzo, Espato
fluor, etc.
DOBLE REFRACCIÓN:
Espato de
Islandia. etc.
ELECTRICIDAD:
_Azufre_, Cuarzo,
Espato calizo,
Mica, Turmalina.
MAGNETISMO: Hierro 35 » 19*
magnético
PESO ESPECÍFICO:
(Densidad)
0,6 .. 1
Kerosene, Agua
1 .. 1,5
Hulla.
1,5 .. 2,0
Alumbre.
2,0 .. 2,5 Yeso,
Sal común.
2,5 .. 3,0
Cuarzo, Calcita,
Feldespato.
3,0 .. 3,5
Espato Fluor,
Turmalina.
3,5 .. 4,0
Malaquita,
Azurita.
4,0 .. 4,5
Pirita de cobre,
Blenda.
4,5 .. 5,5
Pirita de hierro,
Cobre gris.
5,5 .. 6,5
_Magnetita,_
Chalcosina.
6,5 .. 8
Cerusita,
Casiterita,
Galena.
8,5 .. 10,0
Cobre, Bismuto.
10,0 .. 14,0
Plata, Plomo,
Mercurio.
15,0 .. 21 Oro,
platino.
21,5 .. 23
Iridio.
III. CARACTERES FISIOLÓGICOS
1) Por frotamiento
emite olor á
azufre:
Pirita de hierro » 5 » 5*
2) Cuando se le
echa el aliento
emite olor
terroso:
Kaolina y tierras » 94 » 37*
3) Se pega á la
lengua:
Kaolina y tierras » 94 » 37*
4) Untuoso al
tacto;
Talco » 81
5) Sabor salino:
Sal común » 40 » 20*
6) Sabor salino
amargo:
Sulfato de » 66
magnesio
7) Sabor metálico:
Vitriolo de cobre.
IV. CARACTERES QUÍMICOS(1)
FUSIBILIDAD 1)
Minerales
facilmente
fusibles (fusibles
con la llama de
una vela:
Antimonita, Sal
común.
2) Dificilmente
fusibles á un
globulito:
Granate
(Almandina).
3) Facilmente
fusibles en
astillas finas:
Feldespato.
4) Dificilmente
fusibles en
astillas:
Bronzita.
5) Infusibles á la
llama del
soplete:
Cuarzo.
Según Kobell, hay
siete grades
de fusibilidad.
1) Antimonita.
2) Natrolita.
3) Almandina.
4) Actinolita.
5) Ortoclasa.
6) Bronzita.
7) Cuarzo.
SUBLIMACIÓN:
(total ó parcial).
Azufre, Pirita de
hierro,
SOLUBILIDAD: _A)_
En agua: _Sal
común._
_B)_ En ácido
clorhídrico:
1) Con
desprendimiento de
ácido carbónico:
_Caliza._
2) Con
desprendimiento de
cloro:
_Pirolusita._
3) Con
desprendimiento de
ácido sulfhidrico:
_Blenda._
_C)_ En ácido
nitrico, con
desprendimiento de
bióxido de
nitrógeno (vapores
rutilantes):
_Hierro
magnético._
_D_) Parcialmente
solubles en
los ácidos:
1) Sulfuros,
solubles en
ácido nitrico
concentrado,
con separacion de
azufre: _Blenda,
Pirita de
hierro_.
2) Silicatos
solubles en ácido
clorhídrico con
separación de
ácido sílicico.
_a_) Bajo la forma
de polvo
arenoso:
_Serpentina_.
_b_) Bajo la forma
de masa
gelatinosa:
_Wolastonita_.
3) Wolframatos
solubles (en
polvo muy fino) en
ácido clorhídrico
concentrado,
separándose ácido
wolfrámico:
_Wolframita_.
_E_) Insolubles
en los ácidos
_Cuarzo, Espato
fluor_,
_Feldespato_.
DISGREGACÍON DE MINERALES
INSOLUBLES EN LOS ÁCIDOS por
fusión con carbonatos alcalinos:
_Cuarzo, Feldespato._
INVESTIGACIÓN DE
LOS COMPONENTES
MÁS IMPORTANTES.
_Agua_. Agua
higroscópica:
Sal común.
Agua de
cristalización:
Yeso.
Agua de
cristalización y
de constitución:
Serpentina.
_Acido sulfhídrico
ó azufre:_ Galena,
Blenda.
_Acido
clorhídrico:_ Sal
común.
_Ácido
fluorhídrico:_
Espato fluor.
_Acido sulfúrico:_
Yeso.
_Acido fosórico:_
Apatita.
_Acido carbónico:_
Espato de cal,
Cerusita.
_Acido sílicico:
Serpentina,
Feldespato,
Wolastonita._
_Cobre:_ Pirita de
cobre.
Crisocola.
_Zinc:_ Blenda.
_Plomo:_ Galena.
Cerusita.
_Hierro:_ Pirita
de hierro.
Hierro magnético.
_Antimonio:_
Antimonita.
Enargita.
_Arsénico:_ Hierro
arsenical.
_Manganeso:_
Pirolusita.
Wolframita.
_Aluminio:_
Alumbre.
Ortoclasa.
_Calcio:_ Espato
de cal.
Yeso.
_Magnesio:_
Sulfato de
magnesio.
_Sodio:_ Sal
común.
_Potasio:_
Feldespato.
COLECCIÓN DE MUESTRAS DE ENSAYO
N.º 1 Blenda.
» 2 Galena.
» 3 Pirita de hierro.
» 4 Limonita ó Hematita.
» 5 Cuarzo.
» 6 Pirolusita.
» 7 Espato fluor.
» 8 Sal común.
» 9 Espato calizo.
» 10 Cerusita.
» 11 Yeso.
» 12 Sulfato de magnesia.
» 13 Apatita.
» 14 Wolframita.
» 15 Serpentina.
» 16 Wolastonita.
» 17 Crisocola.
» 18 Feldespato.
ALGUNOS EJEMPLOS DE LA FORMACIÓN DE MINERALES
A) _Minerales
formados en
disoluciones
acuosas por
evaporación del
agua:_
Sal común Nº 40
Yeso » 59
Calcedonia » 31
Cuarzo » 27
cristalizado
B) _Minerales
formados en
disoluciones
acuosas cargadas
de ácido
carbónico, por
evaporación de
este último._
Espato calizo Nº 44, etc. (dentro de grietas
que cruzan el
mármol.
Estalactitas » 47 (dentro de
cavernas
en caliza).
Travertina » 48 (en agua bajo la
acción
de plantas).
Onyx-Mármol » 49 (en aguas
calientes)
C) _Minerales
formados por
procesos químicos;
par la acción
del oxígeno,
del ácido
carbónico y del
agua:_
1) Limonita, por Nº 38
descomposición
de Pirita de
hierro
3) Cerusita, por » 53
descomposición
de Galena
4) Malaquita por » 4
descomposición
de Cobre
5) Analcima, por » 92
descomposición
de Basalto
6) Caolina, por » 94
descomposición
de Feldespato
D) _Minerales
formados en
una masa fusión
(rocas
eruptivas)_
Feldespato en » 91
granito
Cuarzo » 28
Mica en granito » 74
Anfibol » 86
E) _Minerales en
filones metálicos,
como: Galena,
Pirita de hierro,
Blenda, etc.,
formados:_
1) por
procedimientos de
disoluciones
acuosas, ej.:
sulfato de hierro,
ha sido
reducido á sulfuro
de hierro, ó
2) por acción del
gas sulfhídrico
(ó sulfuros
alcalinos)
sobre
disoluciones;
ej.: carbonato de
plomo,
transformado en
galena:
3) por sublimación
de gases (casos
raros)
4) por reducción
de sus
disoluciones ó de
minerales
compuestos: oro
nativo por
reducción de
cloruro de oro;
cobre nativo en
parte por
reducción de
óxido de cobre
(cobre rojo) ó
de malaquita
(carbonato de
cobre)
***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CATÁLOGO INSTRUCTIVO DE LAS COLECCIONES MINERALÓGICAS***
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